Las tareas de seguridad vial son urgentes, ya que hoy consisten en problemas socioeconómicos apremiantes que enfrentan la sociedad y el estado; tal es el caso del accidente de tráfico, que se ha vuelto especialmente agudo en la última década debido a la falta de correspondencia entre el número cada vez mayor de transportes y la infraestructura de transporte por carretera existente, la eficiencia insuficiente del sistema de seguridad vial y la baja discreción vial.
El instituto legal de control estatal y control municipal tiene una naturaleza intersectorial e interdisciplinaria, debido a una variedad de requisitos obligatorios, cuyo cumplimiento se impone en una variedad de temas y se fija en varias fuentes legales. Esto significa que es prácticamente imposible crear una base legislativa unificada para tales tipos de actividades de control y supervisión como impuestos, antimonopolio presupuestario, aduanas, control fronterizo, control en el campo de la contratación pública y el uso de la propiedad pública, dada su industria, organización, información y gestión específica, e incluso diferentes regímenes legales constitucionales (por ejemplo, para supervisión presidencial y parlamentaria, fiscalía). ; The legal institute of state control supervision and municipal control has an intersectoral and interdisciplinary nature, due to a variety of mandatory requirements, the fulfillment of which is imposed on a variety of subjects and is fixed in various legal sources. This means that it is practically impossible to create a unified legislative basis for such types of control and supervision activities as tax, budget antitrust, customs, border control, control in the field of public procurement and use of public property, given their industry, organization, information and management specifics, or even different constitutional legal regimes (for example, for presidential and parliamentary oversight, prosecutorial oversight).
Las tareas de seguridad vial son urgentes, ya que hoy consisten en problemas socioeconómicos apremiantes que enfrentan la sociedad y el estado; tal es el caso del accidente de tráfico, que se ha vuelto especialmente agudo en la última década debido a la falta de correspondencia entre el número cada vez mayor de transportes y la infraestructura de transporte por carretera existente, la eficiencia insuficiente del sistema de seguridad vial y la baja discreción vial. ; The tasks of road safety are urgent as they today consist of pressing socio-economic problems facing society and the state; such is the case of traffic accident, which has become especially acute in the last decade due to the mismatch between the ever-increasing number of fleets and existing road transport infrastructure, insufficient efficiency of the road safety system, and low discretion road.
Abstract To date, there are no generally accepted optotypes for monitoring visual acuity. All common optotypes are not completely suitable for some reasons. The tasks requiring visual monitoring - investigation of visual development, early diagnostics, assessment of treatment - impose heavy demands on the test stimuli. They must be: (1) suitable for patients of any age; (2) convenient for repeatable examinations; and (3) accurate enough for revealing the smallest physiologically significant changes of visual acuity. From theoretical consideration, one could conclude that the optotypes for monitoring visual acuity should be designed for measuring visual resolution but not recognition, unlike most popular optotypes. The best optotypes for visual resolution are gratinglike stimuli whose recognition could only be based on the high frequency part of the Fourier spectrum around the characteristic frequency (not on the low-frequency components). On the basis of theoretical analysis we elaborated modified 3-bar optotypes, which minimise the possibility of using low-frequency cues for stimulus recognition. In this paper we present the results of theoretical and experimental comparison of these optotypes with the two widely used ones: tumbling-E and standard 3-bar targets. According to the data obtained, our modified optotypes seem to be better than other investigated ones for monitoring visual acuity.
The article examines changes in the structure of the expenditure part of the German federal budget. Data on the execution of annual budgets in 2017–2021 and of a five-year financial plan for 2022–2026 are analysed. Comparison of structures is carried out according to a cross-classification that combines a functional classification (divided into ten sections in accordance with the classification of the International Monetary Fund) and an economic classification (divided into two sections – current and capital expenditures). The author identifies the areas with a key role in the spending hierarchy, highlights the main factors of the expected dynamics in the next five years, and also considers the features of three periods (2017–2019, 2020–2021 and 2022–2026) in terms of speed and contradictoriness of the structural changes that have taken place and are planned. Based on the analysis, the article concludes that there have been significant and rapid structural changes that have taken place during the pandemic, and that the most important «pre-Covid» indicators (primarily an increase in the share of current expenses on social protection) are planned to be restored. This restoration, however, may be hindered by the implementation of a large-scale «protective umbrella for the economy» – a set of measures developed, but not yet included in the financial plan, to support the German industry, which suffered from a jump in gas prices
The article examines the specificity of commodities exports of Germany's eastern and western lands. The indicators of sectoral export specialization are determined by comparing sectoral export quotas of the federal lands and the East/West with the general German sectoral export quotas. Calculations are based on data from the country's Federal Statistical Office for 2008 and 2019. As a result of the analysis of the indicators obtained, the general characteristics of the export specifics in relation to industrial branches and federal lands in two parts of the country are formulated, changes among the main specialized branches are explored, the roles of individual lands in the creation of export profiles of East and West Germany and the degree of correspondence between export profiles of the East/West and their lands are determined. The author outlines the convergence of new and old lands in various dimensions of specialization, the success of the East in the competition for specialization in the cars export and the preservation of significant Western advantages in the mechanical engineering's export specialization and in the formation of new sectoral export focuses, and highlights the federal lands that have achieved high efficiency in the given field (Saxony in the East and Baden-Württemberg in the West).
